Johnston Atoll, USA
https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/12062025/johnston-atoll
Published Date: 12 June 2025
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This blog focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in a certain country or territory in terms of how the Location Factors (Political, Economic, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Cultural) and Entry Modes (e.g. M&As, Export and Greenfield) impact the attractiveness - or vice versa - the risks of FDI and International Trade in the certain country or territory, still, keep in mind that each risk may lead to an opportunity for resolving problems via suitable FDI and International Trade, while each opportunity for FDI and International Trade may involve risks.
Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
A Researcher in International Relations with a Focus on Security, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
Johnston Atoll, USA
Distance from Wake Island to USA: 9,056 Km (Straight line distance Capital-to-Capital in Km, Map Developers)
Disputed Colony Between USA and Hawaii
Hawaii is a Non-Contiguous State of USA that has a Disputed with the USA due to Self-Determination
Since the mid-19th century, Johnston Atoll has been a colony of the USA. Over the years, it was mainly run by the USA army to carry out military testing under restricted access. However, in 2004, it stopped functioning as a USA military installation, and since then, it has been run until today by the USA National Wildlife Refuge, although it is still closed to public entry, so Johnston Atoll has no permanent population. Formally, Johnston Atoll has the status of unincorporated territory of the USA, still, Johnston Atoll is claimed by Hawaii.
Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge https://www.fws.gov/refuge/johnston-atoll
Unofficial Flag
Johnston Atoll consists of four small islands: Johnston, Sand, Hikina, and Akau.
Population
Johnston Atoll has no permanent population.
Key Figures of the Territory, Global Position, and Alliances
Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Yearly Rank to Compare the Global Political Power among Countries to Survive Long Conflicts and Wars at the Military Level and Economic Level Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances
Key Figures of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
Johnston Atoll was served as a USA military installation to carry out military testing, so until today, it has been closed to public entry. Thus, there is no economic activity on Johnston Atoll.
Profile
Johnston Atoll - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/place/Johnston-Atoll
Stories from the Atomic Age: An Abridged History of Johnston Atoll by Robert Friedrichs
On Thursday, March 28th, 2024, the Atomic Museum invited guests to “Stories from the Atomic Age: An Abbreviated History of Johnston Atoll.” Historian and founding member of the Atomic Museum Robert Friedrichs shared the strange and true story of Johnston Atoll – a small uninhabited island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean developed into a Naval Defensive Sea Area and Airspace Reservation during World War II, before becoming a hub for nuclear testing in the 1950s and 1960s.
Research Papers and Research Books
Current status of the US military atolls in the Pacific: Johnston and Wake Lobel, L. K., & Lobel, P. S. (2019). Current status of the US military atolls in the Pacific: Johnston and Wake. In World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation (pp. 645-659).
Reef corals of Johnston Atoll: one of the world's most isolated reefs Maragos, J. E., & Jokiel, P. L. (1986). Reef corals of Johnston Atoll: one of the world's most isolated reefs. Coral Reefs, 4, 141-150.
Aspects of the biology and geomorphology of Johnston and Wake atolls, Pacific Ocean Lobel, P. S., & Lobel, L. K. (2008). Aspects of the biology and geomorphology of Johnston and Wake atolls, Pacific Ocean. In Coral Reefs of the USA (pp. 655-689). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Colonization of the Hawaiian Archipelago via Johnston Atoll: a characterization of oceanographic transport corridors for pelagic larvae using computer simulation Kobayashi, D. R. (2006). Colonization of the Hawaiian Archipelago via Johnston Atoll: a characterization of oceanographic transport corridors for pelagic larvae using computer simulation. Coral Reefs, 25(3), 407-417.
Specificity in communities of Symbiodinium in corals from Johnston Atoll Stat, M., Pochon, X., Cowie, R. O., & Gates, R. D. (2009). Specificity in communities of Symbiodinium in corals from Johnston Atoll. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 386, 83-96.
Imperial ruin and military waste on Johnston Atoll Patel, R. (2024). Imperial ruin and military waste on Johnston Atoll. Journal of Contemporary History, 59(2), 253-274.
Damselfish embryos as a bioindicator for military contamination on Coral Reefs at Johnston Atoll, Pacific Ocean Lobel, L. K., & Lobel, P. S. (2022). Damselfish embryos as a bioindicator for military contamination on Coral Reefs at Johnston Atoll, Pacific Ocean. Fishes, 7(2), 55.
Clarification of Johnston Island Nuclear Tests Thiessen, K. M., & Simon, S. L. (2025). Clarification of Johnston Island Nuclear Tests. Health Physics, 10-1097.
Global-scale changes in the area of atoll islands during the 21st century Holdaway, A., Ford, M., & Owen, S. (2021). Global-scale changes in the area of atoll islands during the 21st century. Anthropocene, 33, 100282.
Closure and Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System National Research Council, Division on Engineering, Physical Sciences, Board on Army Science, Committee on Review, & Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. (2002). Closure and Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System. National Academies Press.
Historical Background and Historical Perspective
Physical and chemical characterization of actinides in soil from Johnston Atoll Wolf, S. F., Bates, J. K., Buck, E. C., Dietz, N. L., Fortner, J. A., & Brown, N. R. (1997). Physical and chemical characterization of actinides in soil from Johnston Atoll. Environmental science & technology, 31(2), 467-471.
Analysis of chemical weapons decontamination waste from old ton containers from Johnston Atoll using multiple analytical methods Creasy, W. R., Brickhouse, M. D., Morrissey, K. M., Stuff, J. R., Cheicante, R. L., Ruth, J., ... & Durst, H. D. (1999). Analysis of chemical weapons decontamination waste from old ton containers from Johnston Atoll using multiple analytical methods. Environmental science & technology, 33(13), 2157-2162.
Monitoring Studies of Former Agent Orange Storage Sites in Mississippi and Johnston Island Young, A. L., & Young, A. L. (2009). Monitoring Studies of Former Agent Orange Storage Sites in Mississippi and Johnston Island. The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 263-302.
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