CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization
https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/csto
Latest Update: 27 May 2025
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances
Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
A Researcher in International Relations with a Focus on Security, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
For the Differences Between Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation:
The Difference Between Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/military
The Importance of Political, Economic, and Trade Alliances:
Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). Restrictions on International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Nationalism-Mercantilism versus Trade Liberalism. Research Paper, PD9. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd9
Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). The Chess Game of Forming International Trade Agreements: Shaping Global Economic and Political Power. Research Paper, PD10. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd10
Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). Is the World Trade Organization (WTO) has a Future under the Mechanism of Consensus in Decision-Making?: A New Framework for Achieving Successful Rounds. Research Paper, PD11. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd11
CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization
CSTO is a Military Alliance led by Russia that includes additional 5 former Soviet countries: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. However, on June 2024, Armenia announced its intention to leave the CSTO, yet it is doubtful if Armenia will make the move without securing its position in USA Coalition (e.g. NATO or EU), still, currently, Armenia has paused its participation in the activities of CSTO. CSTO is a Military Alliance that acted based on the principle that aggression against one member country would be perceived as aggression against all member countries. Moreover, CSTO has several Observer States that regularly participated in CSTO’s activities.
Website of CSTO https://odkb-csto.org/
Observers of CSTO that Participated in CSTO’s Activities, Source: CSTO, 29.08.2024
CSTO, Membership Status, 12 May 2025
Stay Tuned for the CSTO Membership sorted by 2025 Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
From 2024 Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
2024 Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb/2024
Section E19. Russia's Military Defence Treaties: Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and China-Russia Treaty https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/19
List of Contents - Section E19. Russia's Military Defence Treaties: Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and China-Russia Treaty
E19.1 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) led by Russia
E19.1.1 Members of CSTO E19.1.2 Observer States of CSTO
E19.1.2 Members and Observer States of CSTO
E19.2 China-Russia Military Defence Treaty (Two-Directions) - ‘Sino-Russian Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation’
From Newspapers
CSTO to offer response options in case of EU troops deployment to Ukraine
Armenia refuses to finance Russian-led CSTO security alliance budget
CSTO maintains ‘working ties’ with Armenia despite frozen membership, says Secretary-General
Kazakhstan’s capital Astana hosts Collective Security Treaty Organization summit
CSTO discusses ongoing terrorism threats in Central Asia despite ‘positive changes’ in Afghanistan
Russia withdraws border guards from Armenia-Iran checkpoint - ISW
Establishing partnership with U.S. is Armenia’s sovereign right - CSTO
Armenian PM insists country has irrevocably broken with the Russia-led CSTO
Aliyev: Armenia to withdraw from CSTO once it gets a “go-ahead” from the US
Will the CSTO, Russia’s Answer to NATO, Expand? (On June 25, 2024, the secretary-general of the Russia-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), Imangali Tasmagambetov, said that he foresaw the organization’s future membership expanding)
CSTO approves plan to strengthen Tajikistan-Afghanistan border
Armenian defense minister underlines CSTO role in ensuring Armenia's security
CSTO holds military drills in Tajikistan near Afghanistan border
Post-Soviet security bloc thwarts enemy invasion in Tajikistan drills
Interview with CSTO Secretary General Imangali Tasmagambetov to TASS
CSTO defense ministers agree to equip collective forces with advanced weapons
Armenian Foreign Ministry denies that country's PM spoke of leaving Russian-controlled alliance
Russia-led CSTO’s parliamentary assembly council meets in Kazakhstan
Armenia to leave Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organisation
Putin says CSTO bloc has developed contacts with 'natural partners'
Armenia has not officially notified suspension of CSTO membership: Kremlin
Armenia stops financing the activities of the CSTO, which is de facto headed by Russia
Kazakhstan: CSTO Collective Forces complete drills at Matybulak training range | Video Ruptly
PREVIEW: Exercises of CSTO Collective Force to begin in Belarus
Armenia considers possible future outside Russia-led military bloc
Armenia Notably Absent As Russian-Led CSTO Training Gets Under Way
Is Uzbekistan on the Verge of Rejoining the CSTO? - Jamestown
Collective Security Treaty Organization actually has integrated air defense - minister
CSTO Secretariat, CIS Anti-Terrorist Center sign memorandum of cooperation
From Scientific Literature - Research Papers and Research Books
A Post-Mortem of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Scott, T. C., & Askerov, A. A Post-Mortem of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO).
Overcoming alliance dilemmas in the collective security treaty organization: signaling for reputation amid strategic ambiguity MacHaffie, J. (2024). Overcoming alliance dilemmas in the collective security treaty organization: signaling for reputation amid strategic ambiguity. Defence Studies, 1-27.
Security Integration in the Post-Soviet Space and Collective Security Treaty Organization: Roadmap for Future Cooperation Pradhan, R., & Kakoty, S. (2024). Security Integration in the Post-Soviet Space and Collective Security Treaty Organization: Roadmap for Future Cooperation. Springer Nature.
CSTO and the agency of small members: the case of Kyrgyzstan Choi, S. N., & Zhanaev, E. (2024). CSTO and the agency of small members: the case of Kyrgyzstan. St Antony's International Review, 19(2), 168-194.
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Sakhariyev, S. (2022). Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). In International Conflict and Security Law: A Research Handbook (pp. 609-618). The Hague: TMC Asser Press.
Collective security treaty organization Aris, S. (2014). Collective security treaty organization. In Handbook of governance and security (pp. 554-570). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Collective security treaty organization: Origins of the multidimensional mandate and modern means for its implementation Golub, K., & Golub, Y. (2018). Collective security treaty organization: Origins of the multidimensional mandate and modern means for its implementation. International Organisations Research Journal, 13(1), 193-203.
The interconnection of global and regional security systems: The case of the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Bokeriya, S. (2019). The interconnection of global and regional security systems: The case of the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. International Organisations Research Journal, 14(1), 21-38.
Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Kornilenko, A. V. (2020). Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 20(4), 707-720.
Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization De Haas, M. (2017). Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 30(1), 1-16.
War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move! De Haas, M. (2016). War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move!. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(3), 378-406.
Regional Security Governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia: The History and Effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Davidzon, I. (2021). Regional Security Governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia: The History and Effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Springer Nature.
The collective security treaty organization Deyermond, R. (2018). The collective security treaty organization. In Routledge Handbook of Russian Foreign Policy (pp. 421-429). Routledge.
Protective integration and security policy coordination: Comparing the SCO and CSTO Allison, R. (2018). Protective integration and security policy coordination: Comparing the SCO and CSTO. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(3), 297-338.
2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan Syssoyeva, R. V. (2023). 2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 23(2), 241-252.
NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in Eurasia Guliyev, F., & Gawrich, A. (2021). NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in Eurasia. Post-Communist Economies, 33(2-3), 283-304.
