CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization

https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/csto

Latest Update: 23 October 2025

COPYRIGHT ©2023-2025 ZIVA ROZEN-BAKHER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Rozen-Bakher, Z, CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization, Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/csto

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Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Multilateral Alliances, Including Multilateral Military Defence Treaty (MMDT), Bilateral Military Defence Treaty (BMDT), and Foreign Military Presence, which Have a Geopolitical Impact on Global Order

Rozen-Bakher, Z. Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances

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Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

Researcher in International Relations and Foreign Policy with a Focus on International Security alongside Military, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade

CV

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For Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation, please see Section B2 in Section B. Introduction: Why do we need a Global Survival Rank?, 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/introduction

• B2.1 Basic Key Definitions

  • B2.1.1 Multilateral Military Treaty versus Bilateral Military Treaty

  • B2.1.2 Treaty with Equal Commitment to Defend (Two-Directions) versus Treaty with Non-Equal Commitment to Defend (One-Direction)

  • B2.1.3 Active Military Treaty versus Inactive Military Treaty

• B2.2 Military Defence Treaty

• B2.3 Military Support Treaty

• B2.4 Military Cooperation

  • B2.4.1 Military Cooperation Under Multilateral Trade/Economic/Political Alliances

  • B2.4.2 Joint-Intelligence Multilateral Alliance

  • B2.4.3 Ad-hoc Military Coalition

  • B2.4.4 Presence of Military Bases in Foreign Countries

  • B2.4.5 Joint Military Drills

  • B2.4.6 Selling Weapons and Military Training

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CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization

CSTO is a Military Alliance led by Russia that includes an additional 5 former Soviet countries: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. However, in June 2024, Armenia announced its intention to leave the CSTO, yet it is doubtful if Armenia will make the move without securing its position in NATO or the EU, still, currently, Armenia has paused its participation in the activities of the CSTO. CSTO is a Military Alliance that acted based on the principle that aggression against one member country would be perceived as aggression against all member countries. Moreover, CSTO has several Informal Observer States that regularly participated in CSTO’s activities.

• Website of CSTO https://odkb-csto.org/

Observers of CSTO that Participated in CSTO’s Activities, Source: CSTO, 29.08.2024

Source: https://en.odkb-csto.org/news/news_odkb/brifing-nachalnika-obedinennogo-shtaba-odkb-andreya-serdyukova/?sphrase_id=306139

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CSTO, Membership Status, 2025 GSR

For Full Details about the Membership Status and 2025 GSR:

Section E19. CSTO - Multilateral Military Defence Treaty (MMDT): Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/e/csto

Section E19 - List of Contents

Section E19. CSTO - Multilateral Military Defence Treaty (MMDT): Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

• Section E19.1 CSTO - Membership Status: Geopolitical Position, sorted by 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR)

• Section E19.2 CSTO - Members: Global Survival Rank Indicators (R1-R7), sorted by 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR)

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From the Research Projects of Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

• Section E27. Counter-NATO led by Russia-China, 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/27

• Rozen-Bakher, Z., Will Russia and China Form Counter-NATO? , Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 30 December 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/30/12/2022/1531

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From Newspapers

• CSTO, CIS, SCO sign roadmap to develop cooperation

• Russia says CSTO military drills to take place in Belarus from Oct. 12-16

• Military drills of CSTO countries finish in Belarus

• CSTO Foreign Ministers Meet in Kyrgyzstan

• The CSTO trainings “Interaction-2025”, “Search-2025” and “Echelon-2025” have been launched in the Republic of Belarus

• Meeting of Highest Administrative Officials of SCO, CSTO and CIS

• CSTO countries approve military cooperation plan for 2026-2030

• CSTO to Begin Arms Supplies to the Tajik-Afghan Border in 2026

• Lavrov says Russia wants Armenia to actively participate in CSTO

• When Armenia turned to EU: Fact-checking Lavrov’s statement

• CSTO Wants Armenia-Azerbaijan Peace Treaty to be Signed Soon

• Joint CSTO and CIS anti-Terrorist drills to take place in Tajikistan for the first time

• About 600 Russian military personnel will take part in the CSTO "Rubezh-2022" training in the Republic of Tajikistan

• CSTO to offer response options in case of EU troops deployment to Ukraine

• Russia pushes CIS towards collective security

• Armenia refuses to finance Russian-led CSTO security alliance budget

• CSTO maintains ‘working ties’ with Armenia despite frozen membership, says Secretary-General

• Russia says Armenia will not be kicked out of the CTSO

• CSTO signed memorandum on cybersecurity

• Moscow hosts CSTO talks on joint exercises in 2025

• Kazakhstan’s capital Astana hosts Collective Security Treaty Organization summit

• CSTO discusses ongoing terrorism threats in Central Asia despite ‘positive changes’ in Afghanistan

• Russia withdraws border guards from Armenia-Iran checkpoint - ISW

• Armenia To Boycott Another CSTO Summit

• Establishing partnership with U.S. is Armenia’s sovereign right - CSTO

• Armenian PM insists country has irrevocably broken with the Russia-led CSTO

• Aliyev: Armenia to withdraw from CSTO once it gets a “go-ahead” from the US

• Will the CSTO, Russia’s Answer to NATO, Expand? (On June 25, 2024, the secretary-general of the Russia-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), Imangali Tasmagambetov, said that he foresaw the organization’s future membership expanding)

• CSTO approves plan to strengthen Tajikistan-Afghanistan border

• Armenian defense minister underlines CSTO role in ensuring Armenia's security

• CSTO, CIS, SCO discuss security in Eurasia

• CSTO holds military drills in Tajikistan near Afghanistan border

• Rubezh 2024 exercise starts in Tajikistan - CSTO

• Post-Soviet security bloc thwarts enemy invasion in Tajikistan drills

• Interview with CSTO Secretary General Imangali Tasmagambetov to TASS

• Armenia’s Misguided “Pivot to the West”

• CSTO defense ministers agree to equip collective forces with advanced weapons

• Armenian Foreign Ministry denies that country's PM spoke of leaving Russian-controlled alliance

• Defense ministers of the CSTO countries signed documents

• Russia-led CSTO’s parliamentary assembly council meets in Kazakhstan

• Is the CSTO attractive to Azerbaijan? A view from Baku

• Armenia to leave Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organisation

• Putin says CSTO bloc has developed contacts with 'natural partners'

• Armenia has not officially notified suspension of CSTO membership: Kremlin

• Armenia Free To Leave Russian-Led Bloc, Says Moscow

• The CSTO Secretariat is holding a regular meeting of representatives of the Collective Security Treaty Organization

• Armenia stops financing the activities of the CSTO, which is de facto headed by Russia

• Kazakhstan: CSTO Collective Forces complete drills at Matybulak training range | Video Ruptly

• PREVIEW: Exercises of CSTO Collective Force to begin in Belarus

• Armenia considers possible future outside Russia-led military bloc

• Armenia Notably Absent As Russian-Led CSTO Training Gets Under Way

• Is Uzbekistan on the Verge of Rejoining the CSTO? - Jamestown

• Iran invited to CSTO exercise in Belarus as observer

• Collective Security Treaty Organization actually has integrated air defense - minister

• CSTO Secretariat, CIS Anti-Terrorist Center sign memorandum of cooperation

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From Scientific Literature - Research Papers and Research Books

• A Post-Mortem of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Scott, T. C., & Askerov, A. A Post-Mortem of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO).

• Overcoming alliance dilemmas in the collective security treaty organization: signaling for reputation amid strategic ambiguity MacHaffie, J. (2024). Overcoming alliance dilemmas in the collective security treaty organization: signaling for reputation amid strategic ambiguity. Defence Studies, 1-27.

• Security Integration in the Post-Soviet Space and Collective Security Treaty Organization: Roadmap for Future Cooperation Pradhan, R., & Kakoty, S. (2024). Security Integration in the Post-Soviet Space and Collective Security Treaty Organization: Roadmap for Future Cooperation. Springer Nature.

• CSTO and the agency of small members: the case of Kyrgyzstan Choi, S. N., & Zhanaev, E. (2024). CSTO and the agency of small members: the case of Kyrgyzstan. St Antony's International Review, 19(2), 168-194.

• Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Sakhariyev, S. (2022). Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). In International Conflict and Security Law: A Research Handbook (pp. 609-618). The Hague: TMC Asser Press.

• Collective security treaty organization Aris, S. (2014). Collective security treaty organization. In Handbook of governance and security (pp. 554-570). Edward Elgar Publishing.

• Collective security treaty organization: Origins of the multidimensional mandate and modern means for its implementation Golub, K., & Golub, Y. (2018). Collective security treaty organization: Origins of the multidimensional mandate and modern means for its implementation. International Organisations Research Journal, 13(1), 193-203.

• The interconnection of global and regional security systems: The case of the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai  Bokeriya, S. (2019). The interconnection of global and regional security systems: The case of the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. International Organisations Research Journal, 14(1), 21-38.

• Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Kornilenko, A. V. (2020). Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 20(4), 707-720.

• Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization De Haas, M. (2017). Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 30(1), 1-16.

• War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move! De Haas, M. (2016). War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move!. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(3), 378-406.

• Regional Security Governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia: The History and Effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Davidzon, I. (2021). Regional Security Governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia: The History and Effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Springer Nature.

• The collective security treaty organization Deyermond, R. (2018). The collective security treaty organization. In Routledge Handbook of Russian Foreign Policy (pp. 421-429). Routledge.

• Protective integration and security policy coordination: Comparing the SCO and CSTO Allison, R. (2018). Protective integration and security policy coordination: Comparing the SCO and CSTO. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(3), 297-338.

• 2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan Syssoyeva, R. V. (2023). 2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 23(2), 241-252.

• NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in Eurasia Guliyev, F., & Gawrich, A. (2021). NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in Eurasia. Post-Communist Economies, 33(2-3), 283-304.

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From Documentaries and Inside TV News

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