CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization
https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/csto
Latest Update: 25 May 2026
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Rozen-Bakher, Z, CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization, Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/csto
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Main Multilateral Trade/ Political/ Economic Alliances, as well as Multilateral Military Defence Treaties (MMDTs), Bilateral Military Defence Treaties (BMDTs), and Foreign Military Presence
Rozen-Bakher, Z. Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances
Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Researcher in International Relations and Foreign Policy with a Focus on International Security alongside Military, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
For Explanation about Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation, please see Section B2 in Section B. Introduction: Why do we need a Global Survival Rank?, 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/introduction
CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization
The CSTO is a Military Alliance that acts based on the principle that aggression against one member country would be perceived as aggression against all member countries. CSTO is a Military Alliance led by Russia that includes an additional 5 former Soviet countries: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. However, in June 2024, Armenia announced its intention to leave the CSTO, but since then, Armenia has not formally withdrawn from the CSTO, so it is doubtful if Armenia will make the move without securing its position in NATO or the EU. Still, since June 2024, Armenia has paused its participation in the activities of the CSTO, so under this situation, it is possible that the CSTO will suspend the membership of Armenia because Armenia pretends to be a member of the CSTO, namely preserving the rights for defence in the case of an attack but without carrying out the obligations of a member. Moreover, the CSTO has several Informal Observer States that regularly participate in CSTO activities.
Website of CSTO https://odkb-csto.org/
Map of CSTO by Membership Status
List of CSTO by Membership Status, sorted by Alphabetical Order
CSTO by 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR)
Section E19. CSTO - Multilateral Military Defence Treaty (MMDT): Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakherhttps://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/e/csto
Section E19 - List of Contents
Section E19. CSTO - Multilateral Military Defence Treaty (MMDT): Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Section E19.1 CSTO - Membership Status: Geopolitical Position, sorted by 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR)
Section E19.2 CSTO - Members: Global Survival Rank Indicators (R1-R7), sorted by 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR)
Relevant Items From the Research Projects of Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Section E27. Counter-NATO led by Russia-China, 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/27
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Will Russia and China Form Counter-NATO? , Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 30 December 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/30/12/2022/1531
Rozen-Bakher, Z., ‘Merger of Allies’ of Russia-China Coalition, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 13 March 2023, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/13/03/2023/1534
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Sanctions against Russia: USA Coalition vs. Russian Coalition, Monitoring Risks by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 14 March 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-risks/14/03/2022
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Sanctions against Russia: Global Sanctions-War, Monitoring Risks by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 23 February 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-risks/23/02/2022
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Russia’s Counter-Sanctions: ‘Gazprom-Weapon’, Monitoring Risks by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 7 February 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-risks/07/02/2022
CSTO Members by the Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Rozen-Bakher, Z. Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher by Alphabetical Order https://www.rozen-bakher.com/search-blog-1
Rozen-Bakher, Z. ,Armenia,Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 30 July 2023, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/30072023/armenia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. ,Belarus,Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 19 May 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/05/19/belarus
Rozen-Bakher, Z. ,Kazakhstan,Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 26 August 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/08/26/kazakhstan
Rozen-Bakher, Z. ,Kyrgyzstan,Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 24 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/24022025/kyrgyzstan
Rozen-Bakher, Z. ,Russia,Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 01 April 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/01042021/russia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. ,Tajikistan,Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 12 August 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/08/12/tajikistan
From Scientific Literature - Research Papers and Research Books
The Policy of Ensuring the Information and Psychological Security of the CSTO in the Context of Global Strategic Competition Vykhodets, R. S. (2025). The Policy of Ensuring the Information and Psychological Security of the CSTO in the Context of Global Strategic Competition. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 25(1), 78-86.
Cooperation of the CSTO Member States within the Framework of the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly: Problematic Aspects Khlopko, A. P. (2025). Cooperation of the CSTO Member States within the Framework of the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly: Problematic Aspects. Administrative Consulting, (3).
A Post-Mortem of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Scott, T. C., & Askerov, A. (2024). A Post-Mortem of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). Singer, J. David.(2018). The Story of Small State Survival, 1648, 2016.
Overcoming alliance dilemmas in the collective security treaty organization: signaling for reputation amid strategic ambiguity MacHaffie, J. (2024). Overcoming alliance dilemmas in the collective security treaty organization: signaling for reputation amid strategic ambiguity. Defence Studies, 1-27.
Security Integration in the Post-Soviet Space and Collective Security Treaty Organization: Roadmap for Future Cooperation Pradhan, R., & Kakoty, S. (2024). Security Integration in the Post-Soviet Space and Collective Security Treaty Organization: Roadmap for Future Cooperation. Springer Nature.
CSTO and the agency of small members: the case of Kyrgyzstan Choi, S. N., & Zhanaev, E. (2024). CSTO and the agency of small members: the case of Kyrgyzstan. St Antony's International Review, 19(2), 168-194.
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Sakhariyev, S. (2022). Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). In International Conflict and Security Law: A Research Handbook (pp. 609-618). The Hague: TMC Asser Press.
Collective security treaty organization Aris, S. (2014). Collective security treaty organization. In Handbook of governance and security (pp. 554-570). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Collective security treaty organization: Origins of the multidimensional mandate and modern means for its implementation Golub, K., & Golub, Y. (2018). Collective security treaty organization: Origins of the multidimensional mandate and modern means for its implementation. International Organisations Research Journal, 13(1), 193-203.
The interconnection of global and regional security systems: The case of the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Bokeriya, S. (2019). The interconnection of global and regional security systems: The case of the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. International Organisations Research Journal, 14(1), 21-38.
Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Kornilenko, A. V. (2020). Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 20(4), 707-720.
Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization De Haas, M. (2017). Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 30(1), 1-16.
War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move! De Haas, M. (2016). War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move!. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(3), 378-406.
Regional Security Governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia: The History and Effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Davidzon, I. (2021). Regional Security Governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia: The History and Effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Springer Nature.
The collective security treaty organization Deyermond, R. (2018). The collective security treaty organization. In Routledge Handbook of Russian Foreign Policy (pp. 421-429). Routledge.
Protective integration and security policy coordination: Comparing the SCO and CSTO Allison, R. (2018). Protective integration and security policy coordination: Comparing the SCO and CSTO. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(3), 297-338.
2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan Syssoyeva, R. V. (2023). 2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 23(2), 241-252.
NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in EurasiaGuliyev, F., & Gawrich, A. (2021). NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in Eurasia. Post-Communist Economies, 33(2-3), 283-304.
