WTO - World Trade Organization

https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/wto

Published Date: 30 May 2025

---

Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics

Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances

---

Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

A Researcher in International Relations with a Focus on Security, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade

CV

---

For the Differences Between Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation:

• The Difference Between Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/military

The Importance of Political, Economic, and Trade Alliances:

• Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). Restrictions on International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Nationalism-Mercantilism versus Trade Liberalism. Research Paper, PD9. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd9

• Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). The Chess Game of Forming International Trade Agreements: Shaping Global Economic and Political Power. Research Paper, PD10. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd10

• Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). Is the World Trade Organization (WTO) has a Future under the Mechanism of Consensus in Decision-Making?: A New Framework for Achieving Successful Rounds. Research Paper, PD11. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd11

---

WTO - World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) established in 1995 based on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that was run from 1947-1994 via several Rounds (see the chart below). The GATT and WTO were established with the aim of reducing or even eliminating the import tariffs in order to promote liberalisation in trade worldwide based on David Ricardo Theory (For Comparative Advantage of David Ricardo versus Mercantilism (Style Trump), please see Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). Are Multinational Enterprises’ (MNEs) Theories explained the reality of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in the 21st Century?. Research Paper, PD2. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd2). Hence, to accomplish the objective of reduction of import tariffs, each member country of the WTO made a commitment of Bound Tariffs namely, to not increase the Import Tariffs above the Simple Average Bound Tariffs that the country committed for. The commitment of Bound Tariffs of each country is based mainly on the level of economy (GDP per Capita) along with the liberalisation policy of the country (please see below the Bound Tariffs and the GDP per Capita of each member country of the WTO).

However, the continuous failure of the Doha Round more than 20 years due to the demand for consensus in decision-making became impossible when the WTO added more and more member countries without changing the demand for consensus in decision-making, which raised concerns about the future of the WTO. For more details about it, please see my research paper below or the recommended reading list below.

Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). Is the World Trade Organization (WTO) has a Future under the Mechanism of Consensus in Decision-Making?: A New Framework for Achieving Successful Rounds. Research Paper, PD11. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd11

• Official Website of WTO https://wto.org/

Source: Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2021). Is the World Trade Organization (WTO) has a Future under the Mechanism of Consensus in Decision-Making?: A New Framework for Achieving Successful Rounds. Research Paper, PD11. https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers/pd11

WTO, Membership Status, 30 May 2025

WTO, Members by WTO's Bound Tariffs, 30 May 2025

---

Stay Tuned for the WTO Membership sorted by 2025 Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

---

From Newspapers

• The downfall of the World Trade Organization

• Donald Trump's tariffs will make global trade shrink, says WTO

• Exclusive: US pauses financial contributions to WTO, trade sources say

• ‘Will not discuss…’: US tells WTO that India has no basis to impose retaliatory duties on 29 American pro

• Cameroon Hosts WTO Chief Ahead of 14th Ministerial Conference

• The WTO at 30: The return of higher tariffs

• WTO slashes 2025 trade growth forecast, warns of deeper slump

• World trade chief says global free trade is in a crisis while on visit to Japan

• UK accused of undermining WTO rules with US trade deal

• WTO chief warns US bilateral tariff deals could put trade principle at risk

• APEC trade ministers agree to help restore WTO's role

• Indonesia backs WTO efforts to ease trade tensions

• Will the WTO get crushed under an avalanche of bilateral trade deals?

• Canada Initiates WTO Dispute Over US Duties on Cars

• Russia's WTO case against EU over carbon border mechanism will limit similar measures in other countries - Economic Development Ministry

• EU To Launch WTO Dispute Against US Reciprocal Tariffs

• India Weighs Tariffs On US Goods In WTO Dispute Over Trump's Steel And Aluminum Duties Amid Ongoing Trade Talks

• China wins WTO dispute with Australia over steel products

• The lessons of China's WTO accession, 20 years later

• Uzbekistan to facilitate accession to WTO

---

From Scientific Literature - Research Papers and Research Books

• World Trade Organization (WTO): law, economics, and politics Hoekman, B. M., & Mavroidis, P. C. (2015). World Trade Organization (WTO): law, economics, and politics. Routledge.

• The World Trade Organization: law, practice, and policy Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T. J., Mavroidis, P. C., & Hahn, M. (2015). The World Trade Organization: law, practice, and policy. Oxford University Press.

• The history and future of the World Trade Organization VanGrasstek, C., & Pascal, L. A. M. Y. (2013). The history and future of the World Trade Organization (p. 201). Geneva: World Trade Organization.

• Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization Palmeter, D., Mavroidis, P. C., & Meagher, N. (2022). Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization. Cambridge University Press.

• Indonesia's export ban on nickel ore: Does it violate the world trade organization (wto) rules? Widiatedja, I. G. N. P. (2021). Indonesia’s export ban on nickel ore: Does it violate the world trade organization (wto) rules?. Journal of World Trade, 55(4).

• The impacts of the World Trade Organization on new members dos Reis, M., da Silva Porto Jr, S., & de Azevedo, A. F. Z. (2021). The impacts of the World Trade Organization on new members. The World Economy, 44(7), 1944-1972.

• China Perspective in Reforming of the World Trade Organization Khan, A., Abd Elrhim, A. A., & Soomro, N. E. (2021). China Perspective in Reforming of the World Trade Organization. J. Pol. & L., 14, 104.

• Position of Joe Biden's Administration on the World Trade Organization Menshikova, A. M. (2022). Position of Joe Biden’s Administration on the World Trade Organization. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 92(Suppl 6), S529-S533.

• World Trade Organization rules hamper public food stockholding Hopewell, K., & Margulis, M. E. (2023). World Trade Organization rules hamper public food stockholding. Nature Food, 4(3), 196-198.

• Can the World Trade Organization Act as a Bulwark Against Deglobalization? Evenett, S. J. (2024). Can the World Trade Organization Act as a Bulwark Against Deglobalisation? . Asian Economic Policy Review, 19(1), 42-57.

• Reforming the World Trade Organization: Practitioner perspectives from China, the EU, and the US Hoekman, B., & Wolfe, R. (2021). Reforming the World Trade Organization: Practitioner perspectives from China, the EU, and the US. China & World Economy, 29(4), 1-34.

• The WTO dispute settlement system: how, why and where? Mavroidis, P. C. (2022). The WTO dispute settlement system: how, why and where?. Edward Elgar Publishing.

• Who guards the “Guardians of the System”? The role of the secretariat in WTO dispute settlement Pauwelyn, J., & Pelc, K. (2022). Who guards the “Guardians of the System”? The role of the secretariat in WTO dispute settlement. American Journal of International Law, 116(3), 534-566.

• How does the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism work for WTO members? A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries Wu, J., Wood, J., Luo, Z., & Chen, S. (2023). How does the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism work for WTO members? A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries. The Singapore Economic Review, 68(06), 1829-1850.

• Trump ended WTO dispute settlement. Trade remedies are needed to fix it Bown, C. P. (2022). Trump ended WTO dispute settlement. Trade remedies are needed to fix it. World Trade Review, 21(3), 312-329.

• You're Fired! International Courts, Re‐contracting, and the WTO Appellate Body during the Trump Presidency Zaccaria, G. (2022). You’re Fired! International Courts, Re‐contracting, and the WTO Appellate Body during the Trump Presidency. Global Policy, 13(3), 322-333.

• Assessing the Impact of Trump's' America First'Policy on EU-US Trade Relations (2017-2021): A Realist and Liberal Analysis Samad, A., Malik, M. F., Rooh, S., & Naz, E. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Trump's' America First'Policy on EU-US Trade Relations (2017-2021): A Realist and Liberal Analysis. Journal of Political Stability Archive, 3(2), 22-40.

---

From Documentaries and Inside TV News

---