Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries

https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/foreign-military-presence

Latest Update: 29 October 2025

COPYRIGHT ©2023-2025 ZIVA ROZEN-BAKHER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Rozen-Bakher, Z, Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries, Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/foreign-military-presence

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Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Multilateral Alliances, Including Multilateral Military Defence Treaty (MMDT), Bilateral Military Defence Treaty (BMDT), and Foreign Military Presence, which Have a Geopolitical Impact on Global Order

Rozen-Bakher, Z. Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances

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Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

Researcher in International Relations and Foreign Policy with a Focus on International Security alongside Military, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade

CV

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For Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation, please see Section B2 in Section B. Introduction: Why do we need a Global Survival Rank?, 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/introduction

• B2.1 Basic Key Definitions

  • B2.1.1 Multilateral Military Treaty versus Bilateral Military Treaty

  • B2.1.2 Treaty with Equal Commitment to Defend (Two-Directions) versus Treaty with Non-Equal Commitment to Defend (One-Direction)

  • B2.1.3 Active Military Treaty versus Inactive Military Treaty

• B2.2 Military Defence Treaty

• B2.3 Military Support Treaty

• B2.4 Military Cooperation

  • B2.4.1 Military Cooperation Under Multilateral Trade/Economic/Political Alliances

  • B2.4.2 Joint-Intelligence Multilateral Alliance

  • B2.4.3 Ad-hoc Military Coalition

  • B2.4.4 Presence of Military Bases in Foreign Countries

  • B2.4.5 Joint Military Drills

  • B2.4.6 Selling Weapons and Military Training

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Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries

For explanations about Foreign Military Presence, please see:

• Section C3. Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries: Trade-off between Military Benefits and Military Risks, Section C. Military Risk in Wars, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/c/military-risk

• Section D4.9 Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries (M9), Section D. Methodology, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/d/methodology

• Section D6.15 Methodology Note XV: Explanation about the Database of Foreign Military Presence in Relation to Colonies, MMDTs and BMDTs, Section D. Methodology, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/d/methodology

Section E10. Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/e/foreign-military-presence

Section C. Military Risk in Wars, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/c/military-risk

Section E10. Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/e/foreign-military-presence

Section C. Military Risk in Wars, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/c/military-risk

Section E10. Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/e/foreign-military-presence

Section G5. Foreign Military Presence: High Risk for Home Countries that Have Many Host Countries, Section G. Concluding Risk Remarks and Future Perspectives, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/g

For Full Details about Foreign Military Presence from the 2025 GSR:

• Section E10. Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/e/foreign-military-presence

  Section E10. Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

  • Section E10.1 Foreign Military Presence, sorted by Alphabetical Order

  • Section E10.2 Host Country Perspective: Foreign Military Presence

  • Section E10.3 Home Country Perspective: Foreign Military Presence

    • Section E10.3.1 Home Country Perspective - Foreign Military Presence: Geopolitical Position

    • Section E10.3.2 Home Country Perspective - Foreign Military Presence: Global Survival Rank Indicators (R1-R7)  

• Section F3. Comparison of Home Countries with Foreign Military Presence, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/f/comparison-fmp

• Section F5.4 Comparison of Superpowers/Permanent Members of UNSC: Layer III - Military Risk of Military Defence Alliances, Colonies, Territories, and Foreign Military Presence in Host Countries, Section F5. Comparison of Superpowers/ Permanent Members of UNSC: Military Backup and Military Risk, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/f/comparison-superpowers

• Section G5. Foreign Military Presence: High Risk for Home Countries that Have Many Host Countries, Section G. Concluding Risk Remarks and Future Perspectives, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/g

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From Newspapers

• Sovereignty Reimagined: Constitutional Implications of Allowing Foreign Military Bases in Ecuador

• 29 Foreign Countries With the Largest US Military Presence

• European Commission: Reduction of U.S. military presence will not affect EU defense projects

• France shuts down last military base in Senegal after 65 years

• Israel Opposes Any Turkish Military Presence in Gaza, Foreign Minister Confirms

• China, Russia, Iran, Pakistan oppose reestablishment of foreign military bases in Afghanistan: Chinese FM

• Qatar to have a foreign military base on US soil? Trump admin faces backlash, Pete Hegseth clarifies…

• Is the US About to Establish a Military Base in Thailand?

• US announces it will allow Qatar to build an Air Force facility in Idaho

• China Seeks to Expel U.S. Forces from Middle East with Egyptian and Iranian Backing

• Taliban Assures Russia That There Will Be No Foreign Military Bases in Afghanistan

• Russia and Syria Signal Closer Ties Amid Uncertainty Over Military Bases

• Tehran Warns Against Foreign Military Presence Along Armenian Border

• Ecuador’s National Assembly approves the establishment of foreign military bases

• Senegal president says no more 'foreign military presence from 2025'

• Senegal to close foreign military bases, cuts ties to ex-colonial power France

• Djibouti: The tiny valuable nation hosting the world’s military giants

• Türkiye, the new regional power in Africa (3/3). A military presence that is now greater than that of the former European powers

• Foreign Military Involvement in Libya: Interview with Imen Chaanbi

• Why France should close its permanent military bases in Africa

• Any foreign military presence in Ukraine is threat to Russia: spokesperson

• U.S. Forces in the Middle East: Mapping the Military Presence

• Foreign military presence threatens Persian Gulf security: IRGC Navy chief

• Ukraine 'progresses meaningfully' in talks on foreign troop presence, Zelensky says

• Sen. Dan Sullivan pushes for stronger Aleutian military presence amid growing foreign competition (U.S. Sen. Dan Sullivan's efforts to strengthen Alaska's military system and reopen the naval base on a remote Aleutian Island)

• Trump addresses troops at US’s largest Middle East military base

• Steller 2025 exercise shows Philippine attempts to expand foreign military presence in SCS: expert

• Reclaiming Sovereignty: Ghana’s Path to Security Without Foreign Military Presence

• US Denies Military Base Plans in Panama Amid Public Outcry

• A new Haiti? Daniel Noboa asks for foreign troops to enter Ecuador

• Protest in Lithuania: Saying NO to foreign military bases in Belarus

• Where Are U.S. Forces Deployed in Europe?

• Ecuador president proposes constitutional reform permitting establishment of foreign military bases

• Tunisia denies of presence foreign military bases on its soil

• Germany Celebrates First Foreign Military Base Since World War II

• Foreign armies in Syria and how they came to be there

• The Only Foreign Military Presence in Cuba is at Gtmo US Naval Base

• Protecting Peace or Power?: The Persistent Presence of Foreign Forces in the Middle East

• Chinese Military Opens New Overseas Base

• There is no foreign military base in Nigeria, NSA insists

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From Scientific Literature - Research Papers and Research Books

• Bases abroad: The global foreign military presence Harkavy, R. E. (1989). Bases abroad: The global foreign military presence. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

• The foreign military presence in the Horn of Africa region Melvin, N. (2019). The foreign military presence in the Horn of Africa region.

• Foreign military presence and the changing practice of sovereignty: A pragmatist explanation of norm change Schmidt, S. (2014). Foreign military presence and the changing practice of sovereignty: A pragmatist explanation of norm change. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 817-829.

• Terrorist attacks targeting the police: the connection to foreign military presence Gibbs, J. C. (2018). Terrorist attacks targeting the police: the connection to foreign military presence. Police Practice and Research, 19(3), 222-240.

• The significance of foreign military bases as instruments of spheres of influence Klin, T. (2020). The significance of foreign military bases as instruments of spheres of influence. Croatian International Relations Review, 26(87), 120-144.

• Outside the wire: US military deployments and public opinion in host states Allen, M. A., Flynn, M. E., Machain, C. M., & Stravers, A. (2020). Outside the wire: US military deployments and public opinion in host states. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 326-341.

• US military presence in the Gulf: Challenges and prospects Hajjar, S. G. (2002). US military presence in the Gulf: Challenges and prospects.

• The politics of overseas military bases Yeo, A. I. (2017). The politics of overseas military bases. Perspectives on Politics, 15(1), 129-136.

• US global military deployments, 1950–2020 Allen, M. A., Flynn, M. E., & Martinez Machain, C. (2022). US global military deployments, 1950–2020. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 39(3), 351-370.

• China's soft military presence in the Middle East Degang, S. (2018). China’s soft military presence in the Middle East (Vol. 31). King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (KFCRIS).

• US foreign military bases and military colonialism: Personal and analytical perspectives Gerson, J. (2009). US foreign military bases and military colonialism: Personal and analytical perspectives. The bases of empire: The global struggle against US military posts, 47-70.

• US Foreign Military Bases: The Edge and Essence of Empire Lutz, C. (2015). US Foreign Military Bases: The Edge and Essence of Empire. In Rethinking America (pp. 15-30). Routledge.

• Beyond the target state: Foreign military intervention and neighboring state stability Peksen, D., & Lounsbery, M. O. (2012). Beyond the target state: Foreign military intervention and neighboring state stability. International Interactions, 38(3), 348-374.

• United States military forces and installations in Europe Duke, S. (1989). United States military forces and installations in Europe. Oxford University Press.

• Armed guests: Territorial sovereignty and foreign military basing Schmidt, S. (2020). Armed guests: Territorial sovereignty and foreign military basing. Oxford University Press.

• US military deployment and host-nation economic growth Heo, U., & Ye, M. (2019). US military deployment and host-nation economic growth. Armed Forces & Society, 45(2), 234-267.

• The architecture of imperialism: military bases and the evolution of foreign policy in Egypt's New Kingdom Morris, E. (2021). The architecture of imperialism: military bases and the evolution of foreign policy in Egypt's New Kingdom (Vol. 22). Brill.

• US military bases and facilities in the Middle East Wallin, M. (2022). US military bases and facilities in the Middle East. American Security Project.

• China's military base in Djibouti: A microcosm of China's growing competition with the United States and new bipolarity Cabestan, J. P. (2021). China's military base in Djibouti: A microcosm of China's growing competition with the United States and new bipolarity. In China’s Big Power Ambition under Xi Jinping (pp. 169-185). Routledge.

• Base towns: Local contestation of the US Military in Korea and Japan Kim, C. J. (2023). Base towns: Local contestation of the US Military in Korea and Japan. Oxford University Press.

• The militarization of Turkish foreign policy Mehmetcik, H., & Çelik, A. C. (2022). The militarization of Turkish foreign policy. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 24(1), 24-41.

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From Documentaries and Inside TV News

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