Military Alliances Led by USA: Multilateral Military Defence Treaties (MMDTs) and Bilateral Military Defence Treaties (BMDTs)
https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/usa-military
Latest Update: 25 May 2026
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Rozen-Bakher, Z, Military Alliances Led by USA, Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/usa-military
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Main Multilateral Trade/ Political/ Economic Alliances, as well as Multilateral Military Defence Treaties (MMDTs), Bilateral Military Defence Treaties (BMDTs), and Foreign Military Presence
Rozen-Bakher, Z. Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances
Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Researcher in International Relations and Foreign Policy with a Focus on International Security alongside Military, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
For Explanation about Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation, please see Section B2 in Section B. Introduction: Why do we need a Global Survival Rank?, 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/introduction
Military Alliances Led by USA:
Multilateral Military Defence Treaties (MMDTs) and Bilateral Military Defence Treaties (BMDTs)
Chart of Military Alliances Led by USA with Clear Commitment to Defend in the Case of Attack
Green Line: Military Defence Treaty with Two-Directions Clear Commitment to Defend in the Case of Attack, either under Hard-Definition or Soft-definition
Orange Line: Military Defence Treaty with One-Direction Clear Commitment to Defend in the Case of Attack, either under Hard-Definition or Soft-definition
Summary: The Chart above and the list of MMDTs and BMDTs below indicate that if a significant attack occurs against the USA on its soil, then the USA has a very limited real military backup, because the Bilateral military alliance (Ogdensburg Agreement) with Canada lacks a provision of commitment to defend in the case of an attack, yet the USA and Canada have a Permanent Joint Board on Defense and Joint Command (NORAD), including a joint early-warning radar system, so it may be considered a de facto BMTD, still not a formal one. However, the USA has formal military backup via NATO in case of an attack on USA soil, but the long distance from Europe, the presence of many small and weak NATO members, and the obligation of strong NATO members to protect their colonies may result in NATO being unable to provide sufficient military backup to the USA in the case of an attack on its soil.
NATO. NATO is a military alliance that was established after WWII led by the USA and it includes mainly countries from Europe under the concept that the USA should protect Europe amid the traumatic past of WWII. However, although the Allies in World War II included Russia and they fought together against the Nazis, since the Cold War, NATO has seen Russia as NATO's main enemy. Nevertheless, President Trump changed the "rules of the game" of NATO in his second term by declaring his objective to take control of two NATO members, namely turning Canada into a USA colony and annexing Greenland, which increased the tensions between the USA and other NATO members to the point of the USA threatening to withdraw from NATO or even the possibility of the breakup of NATO.
USA–Japan Military Defence Treaty. This treaty was signed in 1960 as ‘One Direction’ of an BMDT namely, the USA has the commitment to defend Japan in the case of an attack, while Japan, in return, allows the USA troops to be stationed on Japanese soil. However, Japan has no commitment to protect the USA in the case of an attack against USA soil. Besides, the USA should consult the Japanese government in the case of a significant change in the size of the USA forces in Japan. The Defence of Japan by the USA includes also a ‘Nuclear Umbrella’ that covers all Japanese islands.
Compacts of Free Association (COFA). Compacts of Free Association (COFA) are more than regular BMDT because, based on COFA (see highlights and agreements below), each host country – Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Palau – actually gives up on its military sovereignty to the USA in a way that the USA has full authority and responsibility for their defence without any right to object or interfere with the military operations of the USA in their territories, including avoiding any military affairs with other countries without the USA's permission. The BMDT of COFA even includes the USA's ability to block docking or visiting of other navies at the ports of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Palau. Keep in mind that Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Palau are UN members and not colonies like Guam, so they should have full sovereignty rights, but the COFA with USA, make Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Palau as colonies of USA.
Here are the highlights of COFA, as follows (Source: The Heritage Foundation):
Defense Exclusivity. The COFA agreements grant the U.S. full authority over FAS defense matters and allow the U.S. exclusive rights to “establish and use military areas and facilities” within FAS territories. This allows the U.S. to conduct military exercises and station military personnel at will. The FAS also must refrain from actions that interfere with U.S. security decisions, including within their own territories.
Strategic Denial Rights. The COFA agreements grant the U.S. strategic denial rights. The United States may “foreclose access to or use of” the FAS “by military personnel or for the military purposes of any third country", meaning that military forces and personnel of any other state can enter FAS territory only if the U.S. has explicitly authorized their entry. So, the U.S. can prevent Chinese vessels from docking in or visiting FAS ports.
Economic and Program Assistance. In return, the FAS receive economic aid and access to some U.S. federal programs, generally delivered through trust funds. Annual grant assistance covers various educational, health, private-sector, public-sector, and environmental programs.
Security and Defense. The FAS do not have their own militaries, and the U.S. is responsible for defending the territorial integrity of the FAS and responding to illegal activities within FAS territories, which include territorial seas and air spaces.
COFA of Palau https://web.archive.org/web/20111006012927/http://palau.usembassy.gov/rop_cofa.pdf
COFA of Marshall Islands https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/173999.pdf
COFA of Micronesia https://gov.fm/cofa/
Military Alliances Led by USA with Significant Military Cooperation, but without a clear commitment to defend in the case of an attack, so they are not included in the List of BMDTs
Ogdensburg Agreement of the USA and Canada. The Ogdensburg Agreement between the USA and Canada was signed in 1940, and it has led to a significant military cooperation between the USA and Canada until today, but it lacks a provision of commitment to defend in the case of an attack. Still, the USA and Canada have a Permanent Joint Board on Defense and Joint Command (NORAD), including a joint early-warning radar system, so it may be considered a de facto BMTD, still not a formal one.
Not Active Multilateral Military Defence Treaties (MMDTs) Led by USA, so they are not included in the List of MMDTs
Rio Pact - Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance. The Military Defence Treaty, Rio Pact, was signed in 1947 and currently covers the USA and 17 countries from Latin America, as shown in the table below. However, the treaty over the years has become de-facto as a Not Active Treaty, namely there are no Yearly Summits, No Joint-Drills, the Alliance has No Active Headquarter, and importantly, many members over the years have distanced themselves from the treaty, while some of them have even formally withdrawn from the Rio Pact, such as Mexico and Ecuador. Worse, in the second term of President Trump, instead of the USA protecting the members of Rio Pact, the USA attacked Venezuela, including kidnapping the president of Venezuela, while the USA threatened to attack some other members of the Rio Pact. Much worse, the USA also declared its goal to make Venezuela a colony of the USA, as well as Cuba that was suspended from the Rio Pact already in 1962 following the demand of the USA. Hence, Rio Pact can not be considered an active MMDT.
List of Rio Pact by Membership Status
ANZUS alliance. The original alliance was signed in 1951 between the USA, Australia and New Zealand, but does Not Fully Exist today, because New Zealand withdrew from the Treaty, while the USA and Australia made changes in the original treaty. Thereby, according to the sources below, the current treaty may be considered a BMDT under a ‘Soft Definition’, yet it does not include “an automatic obligation on either of the parties to go to war”, namely “Australia would have the right to determine whether an ‘armed attack’ had occurred, within the meaning of Articles IV and V, as well as what action to take to ‘meet the common danger’, under Article IV”. Importantly, if we look at how the Australians see the ANZUS, then it looks like a Military Support Treaty, instead of a BMDT: “The original agreement between the three nations (USA, Australia and New Zealand) no longer fully exists in practice, but the basic sentiment of the ANZUS alliance is still responsible for a number of current security-related activities between Australia and the United States, including: the annual Australia–US Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN), intelligence and technology sharing, military exchange programs, and international military training exercises.” Hence, due to the current status, ANZUS is more like a Military Support Treaty, rather than a BMDT.
Bilateral Military Alliances led by USA, but without Clear Definition to Defend in the case of an Attack, so they are not included in the List of BMDTs
The USA has a long list of old ‘Mutual Defence Treaties' with other countries, but most of them refer to 'Military Support Treaties', rather than to BMDTs, yet many of these ‘Military Support Treaties’ have become de-facto Inactive ones. More specifically, most of the Mutual Defence Treaties of the USA lack any commitment to defend in the case of an attack in the style of NATO, but only to give Support in the case of an attack, while there are Mutual Defence Treaties of the USA that include Consultation in the case of an attack but under too many pre-conditions (e.g., Philippines, see below), so most of them can not be considered BMDTs.
USA–Philippines Military Defence Treaty. The Military Alliance between the USA and the Philippines is a good example of a treaty with an unclear commitment to defend in the case of an attack (see the full treaty below). First, in the case of an attack (see ARTICLE II), each party will resist the attack, either separately or jointly, yet there is no commitment for a joint act to resist the attack. Second, the treaty includes too many pre-conditions that should be activated before any act of mutual defence, such as diplomacy (ARTICLE I), UNSC (ARTICLE IV), Charter of the United Nations (ARTICLE VI). Anyway, the treaty focuses only on the pacific region, so the Philippines has no commitment to defend the USA in the case of an attack on USA soil, but only in the case of an attack on USA territories or on USA vessels or aircraft in the Pacific.
Mutual Defence Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines; August 30, 1951
ARTICLE I. The Parties underefer tortake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.
ARTICLE II. In order more effectively to achieve the objective of this Treaty, the Parties separately and jointly by self-help and mutual aid will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack.
ARTICLE III. The Parties, through their Foreign Ministers or their deputies, will consult together from time to time regarding the implementation of this Treaty and whenever in the opinion of either of them the territorial integrity, political independence or security of either of the Parties is threatened by external armed attack in the Pacific.
ARTICLE IV. Each Party recognizes that an armed attack in the Pacific Area on either of the Parties would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common dangers in accordance with its constitutional processes. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall be immediately reported to the Security Council of the United Nations. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.
ARTICLE V. For the purpose of Article IV, an armed attack on either of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack on the metropolitan territory of either of the Parties, or on the island territories under its jurisdiction in the Pacific or on its armed forces, public vessels or aircraft in the Pacific.
ARTICLE VI. This Treaty does not affect and shall not be interpreted as affecting in any way the rights and obligations of the Parties under the Charter of the United Nations or the responsibility of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security.
ARTICLE VII. This Treaty shall be ratified by the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines in accordance with their respective constitutional processes and will come into force when instruments of ratification thereof have been exchanged by them at Manila.
ARTICLE VIII. This Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely. Either Party may terminate it one year after notice has been given to the other Party.
USA–South Korea Military Defence Treaty. The Military Defence Treaty between the USA and South Korea allows the USA to put defence forces within the South Korean territory, but the treaty lacks a clear commitment to defend in the case of an attack, which is different from the clear commitment that exists in the treaty with Japan. Besides, the treaty is restricted only to the Pacific region, so South Korea has no commitment to defend the USA in the case of an attack on USA soil but only in the case of an attack on USA territories in the Pacific.
Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea, October 1, 1953
Formal Military Backup of Superpowers and Blocs: Multilateral Military Defence Treaties (MMDTs) and Bilateral Military Defence Treaties (BMDTs)
Map of MMDTs and BMDTs by Superpowers and Blocs
MMDTs and BMDTs of Superpowers and Bloc by Average of 2025 GSR
Chart of Superpowers and Blocs: MMDTs and BMDTs by Total Population
List of MMDTs and BMDTs by Superpowers and Blocs, sorted by 2025 GSR
Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA) of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. In September 2025, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed a Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA) that, according to the news, should be considered a BMDT, still, keep in mind that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan did not publish the content of the defence pact, so it is difficult to determine clearly if it is a BMDT or not. Importantly, when Iran attacked the Saudi Arabia territory following the USA-Israel attack against Iran, Pakistan declared in the news that Pakistan is not going to join the war against Iran to defend Saudi arabia as expected from the BMDT, because of the fear that it will lead to political instability in Pakistan, namely Pakistan has around 40-50 million Shia-Muslims that are in favour of Iran and oppose any joining of war against Iran. In light of the above, currently, the defence pact between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is not included in the list of BMDTs above.
MMDTs and BMDTs Led by USA by 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR)
Section E26. NATO - Multilateral Military Defence Treaty (MMDT): North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/e/nato
Section E36. BMDT - Bilateral Military Defence Treaty (BMDT), 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/e/bmdt
Section F2. Comparison of Bilateral Military Defence Treaty (BMDT), 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/f/comparison-bmtd
Section F5. Comparison of Superpowers/ Permanent Members of UNSC: Military Backup and Military Risk, 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2025/f/comparison-superpowers
Relevant Items From the Research Projects of Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher - Military Alliances Led by USA
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Did Trump Violate the USA’s Multilateral Military Defence Treaties (MMDTs) with a 'Clear Commitment' to Defend in the Case of an Attack?: The Cases of Rio Pact and NATO, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 08 January 2026, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/08/01/2026/0848
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Did Trump kidnap President of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro and his Wife due to Drug Trafficking or for Venezuelan Oil?, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 07 January 2026, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/07/01/2026/0542
Rozen-Bakher, Z., The New Era of ‘Global Dictator’: Trump, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 03 April 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/03/04/2025/0912
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Is NATO Forever? Trump’s Demand of 5% Defense Spending of GDP, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 14 April 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/14/04/2025/1500
Rozen-Bakher, Z., NATO in the 20th-Century Style, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 13 June 2023, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/13/06/2023/1628
Rozen-Bakher, Z., USA Coalition Lost Brazil, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 02 January 2023, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/02/01/2023/0457
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Will Russia and China Form Counter-NATO?, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 30 December 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/30/12/2022/1531
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Serbia: ‘Sitting on the Fence’ or Russia Ally in the Middle of the ‘NATO Sea’?, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 22 September 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/22/09/2022/1017
Rozen-Bakher, Z., 09/11 Terror Attacks: Is USA Needed to Invade Afghanistan to Eliminate Osama Bin Laden the Leader of Al-Qaeda?, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 11 September 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/11/09/2022/0513
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Finland as the North Gate of NATO in Case of War with Russia: Is Finland Safer Under NATO?, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 05 May 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/05/05/2022/2020
Rozen-Bakher, Z., NATO Paradox - Russia Out while Germany In: Historical Perspective, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 01 May 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/01/05/2022/0701
Rozen-Bakher, Z., Stronger Defence of NATO?: ‘Stronger Defence Propaganda’, Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 25 March 2022,https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks/05/03/2022/0525
Rozen-Bakher, Z. NATO List, Twitter-X Lists of Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher via the Twitter-X Account @ZivaRozenBakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/identify-risks/nato-list
Rozen-Bakher, Z. Latin America and Caribbean List, Twitter-X Lists of Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher via the Twitter-X Account @ZivaRozenBakher, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/identify-risks/latin-america-and-caribbean-list
Military Alliances Led by USA by the Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
Rozen-Bakher, Z. Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher by Alphabetical Order https://www.rozen-bakher.com/search-blog-1
The copy of this section was carried out under the cyber of ICCG
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Akrotiri and Dhekelia, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 03 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/03032025/akrotiri-and-dhekelia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Åland Islands, Finland, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 26 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/26022025/aland-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Alaska, Non-Contiguous State of USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 17 June 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/17062025/alaska
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Albania, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 10 December 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/12/10/albania
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , American Samoa, USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 21 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/21022025/american-samoa
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Anguilla, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 17 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/17032025/anguilla
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Aruba, Netherlands, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 27 April 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/04/27/aruba
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Azores Islands, Portugal, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 18 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/18072024/azores
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Belgium, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 17 May 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/05/17/belgium
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Bermuda, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 13 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/13082024/bermuda
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Bonaire, Netherlands, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 27 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/27022025/bonaire
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , British Indian Ocean Territory, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 25 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/25032025/british-indian-ocean-territory
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , British Virgin Islands, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 24 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/24022025/british-virgin-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Bulgaria, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 21 August 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/08/21/bulgaria
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Canada, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 24 June 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/06/24/canada
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Canary Islands, Spain, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 15 December 2023, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/15122023/canary-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Cayman Islands, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 11 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/11082024/caymanislands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Ceuta, Spain, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 06 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/06082024/ceuta
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Channel Islands (Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey), UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 31 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/31072024/channel-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Croatia, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 08 September 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/09/8/croatia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Curaçao, Netherlands, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 27 April 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/04/27/curacao
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Czech Republic, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 26 February 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/02/26/czech-republic
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Denmark, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 30 July 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/07/30/denmark
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Estonia, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 04 April 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/04/04/estonia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Falkland Islands, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 22 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/22032025/falkland-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Faroe Islands, Denmark, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 18 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/18082024/faroe-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Finland, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 02 October 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/10/02/finland
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 16 September 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/09/16/france
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , French Guiana, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 29 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/29072024/french-guiana
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , French Polynesia, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 27 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/27072024/french-polynesia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Germany, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 04 March 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/03/04/germany
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Gibraltar, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 22 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/22022025/gibraltar
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Greece, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 10 February 2023, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2023/02/10/greece
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Greenland, Denmark, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 31 July 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/07/31/greenland
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Guadeloupe, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 22 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/22072024/guadeloupe
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Guam, USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 11 April 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/11042025/guam
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Hawaii, Non-Contiguous State of USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 16 June 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/16062025/hawaii
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Hungary, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 30 May 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/05/30/hungary
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Iceland, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 31 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/31072024/iceland
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Isle of Man, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 07 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/07082024/isleofman
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Italy, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 28 June 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/06/28/italy
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Japan, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 22 June 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/06/22/japan
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Johnston Atoll, USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 12 June 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/12062025/johnston-atoll
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Latvia, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 01 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/01082024/latvia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Lithuania, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 15 March 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/03/15/lithuania
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Luxembourg, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 23 May 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/05/23/luxembourg
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Madeira, Portugal, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 17 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/17072024/madeira
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Marshall Islands , Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 19 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/19022025/marshall-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Martinique, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 23 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/23072024/martinique
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Mayotte, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 25 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/25072024/mayotte
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Melilla, Spain, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 05 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/05082024/melilla
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Micronesia, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 21 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/21022025/micronesia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Montenegro, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 21 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/21072024/montenegro
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Montserrat, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 21 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/21032025/montserrat
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Netherlands, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 27 April 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/04/27/kingdom-of-the-netherlands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , New Caledonia, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 30 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/30072024/new-caledonia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , North Macedonia, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 15 February 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/02/15/north-macedonia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Northern Mariana Islands, USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 01 October 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/01102024/northern-mariana-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Norway, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 05 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/05082024/norway
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Palau, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 07 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/07082024/palau
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Pitcairn Islands, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 04 April 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/04042025/pitcairn-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Poland, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 06 June 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/06/06/poland
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Portugal, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 29 March 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/29032021/portugal
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Puerto Rico, USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 30 March 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/30032021/puerto-rico
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Réunion, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 20 July 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/20072024/reunion
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Romania, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 31 March 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/31032021/romania
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Saba, Netherlands , Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 28 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/28022025/saba
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Saint Barthélemy, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 18 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/18032025/saint-barthelemy
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 19 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/19032025/saint-helena-ascension-and-tristan-da-cunha
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Saint Martin, France, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 23 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/23022025/saint-martin
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France , Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 20 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/20032025/saint-pierre-and-miquelon
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Sint Eustatius, Netherlands, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 24 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/24032025/sint-eustatius
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Sint Maarten, Netherlands, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 27 April 2022, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2022/04/27/sint-maarten
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Slovakia, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 19 April 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/19042021/slovakia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Slovenia, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 05 April 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/05042025/slovenia
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Spain, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 19 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/19022025/spain
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Svalbard, Norway, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 27 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/27032025/svalbard
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Sweden, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 12 December 2023, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/13122023/sweden
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Turkey, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 31 January 2023, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2023/01/31/turkey
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Turks and Caicos Islands, UK, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 20 February 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/20022025/turks-and-caicos-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , United Kingdom, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 15 May 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/2021/05/15/united-kingdom
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , United States, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 21 April 2021, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/21042021/united-states
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Virgin Islands, USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 02 August 2024, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/02082024/virgin-islands
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Wake Island, USA, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 11 June 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/11062025/wake-island
Rozen-Bakher, Z. , Wallis and Futuna Islands, Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, 05 March 2025, https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/05032025/wallis-and-futuna-islands
From Scientific Literature - Research Papers and Research Books
The new power model and United States national defence agility Willis, S., & Jefferson, K. W. (2025). The new power model and United States national defence agility. Security and Defence Quarterly, 50(2), 1-12.
Japan Without the United States? Tsuruoka, M. (2025). Japan Without the United States?. SIRIUS–Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen, 9(3-4), 245-250.
Respect and compliance: navigating US–CoFA Patron–client relations Yüksel, I. Y. (2025). Respect and compliance: navigating US–CoFA Patron–client relations. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 1-20.
ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty) Mowell, B. D. (2025). ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty). Routledge.
Uncertain alliances: Trump, ANZUS and Australia's old new fears Henry, I. D. (2025, April). Uncertain alliances: Trump, ANZUS and Australia's old new fears. In East Asia Forum Quarterly (Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 22-27). Canberra, ACT: ANU Press.
Enhancing US-Japan Allied Deterrence Across the Taiwan Strait Matsuda, T. (2025). Enhancing US-Japan Allied Deterrence Across the Taiwan Strait. The Washington Quarterly, 48(4), 169-187.
Adapting US Defense Strategy to Great-Power Competition Popescu, I. C. (2025). Adapting US Defense Strategy to Great-Power Competition. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 55(1), 7.
A Generational Opportunity to Counter China: Prioritizing the Pacific Islands Through the Compacts of Free Association (COFA) Harding, A. J. (2023). A Generational Opportunity to Counter China: Prioritizing the Pacific Islands Through the Compacts of Free Association (COFA). Heritage Foundation.
Navigating the Compact of Free Association: three decades of supervised self-governance Morris, K. (2018). Navigating the Compact of Free Association: three decades of supervised self-governance. U. Haw. L. Rev., 41, 384.
Compact of Free Association (COFA) Status: An Imperial Policy on the Move Mitchell-Eaton, E. (2023). Compact of Free Association (COFA) Status: An Imperial Policy on the Move. Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, 24, 3.
The Compact of Free Association: An Impact Analysis for Hawaii O'Neil, M. (2007). The Compact of Free Association: An Impact Analysis for Hawaii. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 16(2), 104-133.
What the Compact Impact Fairness Act Means for Compact Host Governments and Migrants Paule, A., & Weiker, A. (2023). What the Compact Impact Fairness Act Means for Compact Host Governments and Migrants. East-West Center.
DECOLONIZE AND DE-NUCLEARIZE THE MARSHALL ISLANDS Adams, L. (2023). DECOLONIZE AND DE-NUCLEARIZE THE MARSHALL ISLANDS. Turning the Tide, 35(2), 8-8.
Micronesian Unity at the Crossroads: Past Events and Future Perspectives Inomata, M., & Abe, M. (2024). Micronesian Unity at the Crossroads: Past Events and Future Perspectives. In Sustainable Development Across Pacific Islands: Lessons, Challenges, and Ways Forward (pp. 257-280). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
The Republic of Palau and the United States: Self-determination becomes the price of free association Hinck, J. (1990). The Republic of Palau and the United States: Self-determination becomes the price of free association. Calif. L. Rev., 78, 915.
Forever Bound? Japan's Road to Self-defence and the US Alliance Boswinkel, L. (2024). Forever Bound? Japan’s Road to Self-defence and the US Alliance. Survival, 66(3), 105-128.
From “footprint” to relationships: Impacts of US military base on Okinawa Oshiro, A. (2024). From “footprint” to relationships: Impacts of US military base on Okinawa. Sociology Compass, 18(1), e13099.
Japan, US Strengthen Alliance, Expand Defense Cooperation Kuramitsu, S. (2024). Japan, US Strengthen Alliance, Expand Defense Cooperation. Arms Control Today, 54(4), 27-28.
Confronting China: US defense policy in an era of great power competition Anderson, J. H., & Green, D. R. (Eds.). (2024). Confronting China: US defense policy in an era of great power competition. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Exploring the factors behind the persistence of the Philippine-US alliance: a focus on the changing gist of the 1951 Philippine-US Mutual Defence Treaty (MDT) De Castro, R. C. (2022). Exploring the factors behind the persistence of the Philippine-US alliance: a focus on the changing gist of the 1951 Philippine-US Mutual Defence Treaty (MDT). Australian Journal of International Affairs, 76(6), 694-711.
The Ending of the Korean War and Syngman Rhee's Search for a US—ROK Mutual Defence Treaty, April–August 1953 Hong, Y. P., & Hong, Y. P. (2000). The Ending of the Korean War and Syngman Rhee’s Search for a US—ROK Mutual Defence Treaty, April–August 1953. State Security and Regime Security: President Syngman Rhee and the Insecurity Dilemma in South Korea 1953–60, 40-58.
Treaty or Travesty?: Legal Issues Surrounding the US-Philippines Military Base Agreement of 1947–1992 Ma, L. E. A. (2001). Treaty or Travesty?: Legal Issues Surrounding the US-Philippines Military Base Agreement of 1947–1992. Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 10(1-2), 93-121.
New Bases Treaty and Conversion Plans for a New Form of US Military Presence Magallona, M. M. (1990). New Bases Treaty and Conversion Plans for a New Form of US Military Presence. World Bull., 6, 75.
Will US military bases on our soil prevent an ALP government signing, ratifying and complying with the United Nations Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons? Ramsden, B. (2019). Will US military bases on our soil prevent an ALP government signing, ratifying and complying with the United Nations Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons?. Australian Socialist, 25(1), 13-14.
US military commitments: Multilateralism and treaties Martin, L. L. (2007). US military commitments: Multilateralism and treaties. In Multilateralism and Security Institutions in an Era of Globalization (pp. 74-91). Routledge.
